This paper aims to review modern philosophy of science and economics and
examine some common properties between it and Adam Smith’s view of
science. In particular, we try to find that, in Smith’s opinion, science has
complex dimensions, and is made compatible with and complements
metaphysics. Reviewing Smith’s ‘History of Astronomy’ we observe that in
Smith’s view of justification process of science, a theory is evaluated not only
in terms of its accountability and prediction power, but by way of its coherence
and consistency with background knowledge. Also, in Smith’s view of science,
the fact that scientific knowledge ought to be communicated among scientific
and social communities, and is reached making use of human cognitive and
affective system leads to see that rhetorical, sociological and aesthetic factors
play a part in the justification process.